Determining the Costs of College

How much does college cost? This question is tricky because it depends on the college you will be attending, as well as when you will be attending. Here are some important factors to consider. Private vs. Public The tuition at private colleges is more than double the tuition of a public college. According to the College Board, the cost of a years tuition in 2018-2019, plus room and board, averaged $36,890 for private colleges and $26,290 for public colleges. Inflation It doesnt matter is you will be attending a private or public university, the cost of tuition goes up every year. Many financial experts estimate that the cost of college will increase at approximately 6% each year over the next 10 years. Financial Aid Just thinking about the rising costs of college tuition is enough to make your head spin. Before worrying that you will never be able to afford a years worth of college tuition, let alone four years, consider these two words: financial aid. Financial aid is available to those who need it. And, the good news is that there is a lot of it. Grants, scholarships, student loans, and work-study programs, will help to cover the cost of college. All you have to do is educate yourself in regards to how aid works and how you can get it.

Essay On The Catcher In The Rye Writing Style - 2012 Words

The â€Å"Catcher and the Rye† has been called one of the greatest works of American literature. J.D. Salinger certainly wrote a masterpiece that has brought much controversy and criticism. If the reader does not see and understand the intense symbolism and explicit writing, the reader will misunderstand Salinger’s work. Holden is lonely and afraid. After a lot of trouble and terrible experiences he is alone and realizes the world really does not care about him. The â€Å"Catcher and the Rye† is a powerful and moving book whose theme is still strong in American Culture today. Capturing and understanding the teen voice remains to be a struggle in the American Family of today. Salinger’s writing style was depicted by the very blunt Holden Caulfield.†¦show more content†¦Holden comprehends the museum and it’s never changing and peaceful atmosphere. The displays of the museum, embody the easy and idealistic life Holden desires. In chapter 1, we see how isolated Holden can be. Observe as he watches the madness of a football game from afar. â€Å"It was the Saturday of the football game. I remember around three oclock that afternoon I was standing way the hell up on top of Thomsen Hill. You could see the whole field from there, and you could see the two teams bashing each other all over the place.†(Salinger, 5) Holden perceived the football games to be rather â€Å"phony’. He was an outcast, and the atmosphere of an enormous event made him frazzled. That was his last football game before he left Pencey. Holden figured he would have one last hurrah before he left the foolishness of Pencey. The title of the novel confused me until Holden clarified who he was in chapter 22. â€Å"What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff—I mean if they’re running and they don’t look where they’re going I have to come out from somewhere and catch them. That’s all I’d do all day. I’d just be the catcher in the rye and all.†(Salinger, 225) This revelation occurred as Holden was conversing with Phoebe about what his profession should be. Holden’s response makes sense, based off of the information we know about Holden. Holden desires to hideaway, in his own fantasy view of the world, rather than deal with theShow MoreRelatedF. Salinger s The Catcher Of The Rye1121 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the best known novels in English-speaking countries, J.D Salinger’s Catcher In The Rye deals with Holden Caulfield’s past trauma which is the triggering factor in his depression, anxiety and alienation. Holden tells an unnamed person what has happened in the three days prior to his mental breakdown. Through Holden’s relatable characteristics and Salinger’s narrative treatment, the book continues to engage audiences across generations. The way that Salinger writes gives the audience a veryRead MoreCatcher in the Rye4413 Words   |  18 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye â€Å"Is The Catcher in the Rye, as a work of literature still relevant for today’s youth?† Name: Sara Sigurdson Course: English A1 Supervisor: Mr. Peter Steadman Word count: 3851 Candidate number: 00136022 Table of Contents Content Page Number Abstract 3 Introduction 4 The Actual Catcher in the Rye 4 The Sexual Matter 5 The Caulfield Family 6 Narrator and Protagonist 8 Role Model 9 Mr. Antolini 10 Targeted Audience 10 Guidance 12 Read MoreSummary Of Salinger s The Catcher Rye And Franny And Zooey 1966 Words   |  8 PagesAmerican writer’s haven’t only impacted this country, but the world as a whole. Specifically, J.D. Salinger. He is a well-known author who has wrote many influential books such as The Catcher in the Rye and Franny and Zooey. Salinger’s childhood, education, significant people, major influences,and historical events have all had an impact on how he became the face of a literary movement as well as his contributions to the art of American Literature. Jerome David Salinger was born on January 1, 1919Read MoreHow First Person Narration Affects The Overall Story939 Words   |  4 Pagespersonal/subjective/intimate point of view’. In this essay, I will discuss the ways that first person narration affects the overall story which contains many things like Plot, settings of the story, Characters, the point of view, tone, irony, and symbolism. The story also contains many things for the third person too. But apart from all this, I m going to discuss the effects of the first person three main points are on styles and variations point of view and benefits of writing in the first person. Some other pointsRead MoreWhen I Was In Middle School, My Ambition Was To Become1330 Words   |  6 PagesCreative fiction is where most of my writing ambitions lie. I enjoy the process of building fictitious world, characters, and scenarios, although, unfortunately, I have not yet found a story I am passionate enough about to turn into a long-term project. In high school and my first semester of college I have been exposed to more different styles of writing both through the given writing assignments and the books I have read. One of my biggest struggles when writing essays is making them compact, conciseRead MoreComing Of Age Is A Process1834 Words   |  8 Pagesthrough reading, writing, and experience respectively by learning to introspect about the importance of morals from literature in my life, carefully emendate my work and apply my newfound knowledge of maturation to my own life. Often times, reading can help one to mature as readers often can derive the morals of a story through thematic elements which they can apply to their respective lives. Throughout English I, I have undoubtedly changed as a reader. Prior to, my reading style was surface levelRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger2004 Words   |  9 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye is a popular novel written by J.D. Salinger. Published in 1951, the book was originally written for adults, but it is now remembered and adored by people from all parts of the world and people from all walks of life – especially by teenagers – a likely effect that was only inevitable considering the center stage of the narrator the great crumby flake Holden Caulfield, to use his style of speaking, who accurately portrayed teenage angst and loneliness in a style that many youngstersRead MoreAnalyzing Novels Short Stories1166 Words   |  5 PagesSetting Where and When where a story takes place can be profoundly significant. Consider where the author’s story is placed and why the author made that decision. In Shakespeare’s  Othello, for example, the setting is Italy, although Shakespeare was writing in England. He set his play elsewhere, in part, so he could make social commentary about England without incurring the wrath of English rulers. Remember, many stories would be irretrievably altered if their settings were different and setting isRead MoreLiterary Theories And Literary Criticism1318 Words   |  6 Pagesauthenticity and existence. 2. †¢ Literary context/work: A man for all seasons †¢ Thomas More exercised free will by remaining honourable. †¢ Through free will one can rise or fall. Deconstruction 1. †¢ The relationship between text and meaning. Piece of writing does not have just one meaning and that the meaning depends on the reader.(Merriam-Webster s Learner s Dictionary). †¢ â€Å"Language is a system of signs, and words only have meaning because of the contrast between these signs†. Ferdinand de SaussureRead MoreAnalysis Of The Adventures Of Pinocchio By Carlo Collodi1537 Words   |  7 PagesAbbey by William Wordsworth 5 antithesis â€Å"The presentation of two contrasting images. The ideas are balanced by word, phrase, clause, or paragraphs.† â€Å"https://quizlet.com/302172/rhetorical-terms-flash-cards/† â€Å"To err is human; to forgive divine.† An Essay on Criticism by Alexander Pope 6 appositive â€Å"When a noun or word is followed by another noun or phrase that renames or identifies it.† â€Å"http://literarydevices.net/† â€Å"Christmas Eve afternoon we scrape together a nickel and go to the butcher’s to buy

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William Edward Burghardt (. B. ) Du Bois - 1085 Words

William Edward Burghardt (W.E.B.) Du Bois was a successful author of many books and an accomplished student. He supported women s rights and the equality of African-American people. He had a pretty ordinary childhood, but his adult life was full of many accomplishments. He began to show a love and talent for reading and writing at a young age and this continued throughout his life. W.E.B. was born February 23, 1868 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, a mostly European American town. His parents were Alfred and Mary DuBois. Shortly after his birth, his parents separated and his father passed away. As a child, he chopped his neighbor s wood and mowed their lawns. He also liked sledding down snow packed hills with his†¦show more content†¦He received his Bachelor s degree in philosophy around October 1890. 2 Soon after graduating from Fisk University, W.E.B. went on to attend Harvard University. He graduated in 1895 and became the first African American to get a Ph.D from Harvard. He went on to become a doctoral student at Friedrich-Wilhelms-Università ¤t (now Humboldt-Università ¤t). In 1958, he was awarded an honorary doctoral degree from Humboldt. Later on, DuBois was hired by Wilberforce University in Xenia, Ohio to teach Greek and Latin. At the university he had a heavy workload. He had to teach German, English and history in addition to Greek and Latin. He really wanted to teach sociology, but he was not allowed to do so. During his time at Wilberforce, he began to show an interest for one of his students, Nina Gomer. On May 12th, 1896, the couple married and Nina soon moved in with W.E.B. in his two room apartment in the men s dorm at Wilberforce. Later on, Nina found out she was pregnant in February of 1897. Nine months later, she gave birth to a son named Burghardt Gomer Du Bois. Unfortunately, he died about two years later on May 24, 1899 from diphtheria. The next year, W.E.B. went to Europe for the Paris exposition which recognized nineteenth century achievements, including a Negro Exhibit. By then, Nina was already five months pregnant with her second child. Soon after W.E.B. returned from Europe, Nina gave birth to Nina Yolande

Educational Reforms in Bhutan Free Essays

The purpose of the article is to discuss the weaknesses of Bhutan’s educational reforms focusing on how the educational system is not able prepare the youth for the world of work. The author implicitly discusses two questions. The first question pertains to how the education reforms fail to provide the youth with better knowledge, skills and values to match employers’ needs. We will write a custom essay sample on Educational Reforms in Bhutan or any similar topic only for you Order Now The second question relate to how the educational system should be reformed to address the employment challenge. The author has used descriptive method designed to provide rich descriptive details of education reforms in Bhutan between 1961 and 2008. This article is targeted at policy makers, educationalists and public. While the research design involved in-depth narrative analysis, it did not use scientific inquiry into the subject, especially the empirical analysis and hypothesis testing. Rather than making some sweeping statement, the author could have supported those statements with some empirical analysis. However, the article can serve as the first step towards more rigorous research, as it identifies important factors leading to mismatch of education and employment in the country. The author begins by discussing the overall context of the education-employment mismatch in the country. The historical development of education system was discussed explaining the low enrolment rate in the beginning (1960s), positive change in the Bhutanese people’s attitude towards western education, and now the problem of enrolment pressure. He discusses (with figures) a growing difference in the quantitative expansion of educational facilities and the sharp rise in enrolment rate. The author also discussed about the growing number of school dropouts, entering the job markets unprepared to meet the needs and expectations of the public and private employers. He contrasts the unemployment problem in general with the shortage of workforce in the agriculture sector. The author does not mention about field research, interviews or literature reviews based on which he tried to answer his research questions. The analysis identifies six main factors of the high youth unemployment scenario in the country. These factors are inadequate education quality, limited diversity of educational tracks, mismatch between demand and supply of the youth, youth’s preference for civil service, reluctance to enter the private sector and negative attitude towards blue collar jobs. These factors are valid, but they are not consistent with the topic and research questions, that is, education reforms in Bhutan. By discussing these factors, the article is concerned more about the overall youth unemployment rather than focusing on the aspects of education system such as curriculum, pedagogy, infrastructure, quality, etc (the title seem to point out). How to cite Educational Reforms in Bhutan, Essay examples

Baseball Bats Essay Example For Students

Baseball Bats Essay In any game, the equipment players use determines the way the game unfolds. Tryto imagine a soccer game played with an American football! Or try playing tenniswith the wooden racquets of thirty years ago. Change the equipment, and youdiscover a very different game. As part of my look at baseball, I decided toexamine the tool of the baseball trade: Bats. Perhaps the most crucial andvisible tool in baseball is the bat. A bat is the offensive weapon, the toolwith which runs are scored. To understand the history and science of bats, Iread a magazine published by Louisville Slugger, in Louisville, Kentucky home ofthe Hillerich Bradsby Company, Inc. (also known as HB), themanufacturers of perhaps Americas most famous bat, the Louisville Slugger. Through the reading I learned how the modern bat came to be, and what it mightbecome. In 1884, John Andrew Bud Hillerich played hooky from hisfathers woodworking shop and went to a baseball game. There he watched a starplayer, Pete The Old Gladiator Browning, struggling in a battingslump. After the game, Hillerich invited Browning back to the shop, where theypicked out a piece of white ash, and Hillerich began making a bat. They workedlate into the night, with Browning giving advice and taking practice swings fromtime to time. What happened next is legend. The next day, Browning wentthree-for-three, and soon the new bat was in demand across the league. HBflourished from there. First called the Falls City Slugger, the new bat wascalled the Louisville Slugger by 1894. Though Hillerichs father thought batswere an insignificant item, and preferred to continue making more dependableitems like bedposts and bowling pins, bats became a rapidly growing part of thefamily business. Just as it w as back then, the classic Louisville Slugger batused by todays professional players is made from white ash. The wood isspecially selected from forests in Pennsylvania and New York. The trees they usemust be at least fifty years old before they are harvested. After harvest, thewood is dried for six to eight months to a precise moisture level. The bestquality wood is selected for pro bats; the other 90 percent is used for consumermarket bats. White ash is used for its combination of hardness, strength,weight, feel, and durability. In past years, HB have made somebats out of hickory. But hickory timber is much heavier than ash, and playerstoday want light bats because theyve discovered that they can hit the ballfarther by swinging the bat fast. So they cant make the bats out of hickory. Though Babe Ruth, one of the all-time great home-run hitters, used a 42 or a 44ounce bat, players today use bats that weigh around 32 ounces. Even sluggerslike Mark McGwire and Ken Griffey, Jr. only use 33 ounce bats because they wantto generate great bat speed. How do you make a wooden bat you ask. Heres how. The wood is milled into round, 37 inch blanks, or billets, which are shipped tothe HB factory in Louisville. There they are turned on a tracer lathe,using a metal template that guides the lathes blades. These templates are setup to the specifications of each pro player. Then the bats are fire-branded withthe Louisville Slugger mark. This mark is put on the flat of the woods grain,where the bat is weakest. Players learn to swing with the label facing either upor down, so that they can strike the ball with the edge grain, where the bat isstrongest. Hitting on the flat grain will more often than not result in a brokenbat. Finally, the bats are dipped into one of several possible water-basedfinishes or varnishes, which gives bats their final color andprotective coat. Each player selects the finish they desire, while a fewplayers, such as former Kansas City Royals star George Brett, chose to leavetheir bats unfinished. Players today may go through as many as six or sevendozen bats in a se ason. (In early years, players used only use ten or twelvebats.) In fact, one player, Joe Sewell, used the same bat for fourteen years. Women in combat1 EssayThat energy is almost totally elastic; it is given back, or bounces back, almost100 percent. The energy absorbed when the ball is deformed is almost 75 percentlost to heat, and thus wasted as far as propelling the ball. Because of thistrampoline effect, you can hit the ball somewhat faster, and somewhat farther. In fact, when the NCAA approved the use of aluminum bats in 1974, HBstarted comparing statistics and found that the team batting averages went upabout twenty points, and the home-run production about doubled. The primaryreason that wooden bats are required in the pros is due to this performancedifference. The pro leagues want to protect their historical records, and theywant the performance of the game to be the result of human ability, rather thanthe technology of the bats. Ever-increasing performance of metal bats has begunto affect the game at the college level and below. Aluminum bat makers have beenexploring stronger and lighter metal alloys. The results include ever-lighterbats with thinner walls, and consequently higher bat speeds and even greatertrampoline effects. A ball hit by these bats travels farther and faster. Inaddition, HB has already made a bat called the AirAttack in which apolyurethane bladder is inserted into the center hollow, then filled withpressurized nitroge n gas. The gas pressure in the bladder supports bat walls,pushing them out after they are deformed under impact. This support allows amuch thinner wall and a greater trampoline effect. HB has a softball batcalled the Inertia, in which the interior of the bat contains a rolled-up steelspring that does the same thing. Batting averages and home-run production havegone up consistently at the college level as these advances have appeared. Titanium was used briefly, but it was quickly prohibited because that metalscombination of high strength, light weight, and elasticity was clearly going toresult in shattering all hitting records in all phases of the game. You couldactually grab the barrel of the bat in your hands and squeeze, and you couldfeel the bat give. The trampoline effect was enormous, and though titanium wasbanned, Louisville Slugger learned a lot about how to make aluminum bats achievethe same effect. Recently, a heated debate has broken out over the widespreaduse of aluminum bats in college leagues. Many in baseball fear that moderntechnology is creating a superbat, which will irrevocably alter thegame and endanger players. Indeed, the rules committees are diligently lookingat the performance of bats, and they have already put some limits onperformance; they may well add more. They are not only concerned about theintegrity of the game, the balance between offense and defense, but they arealso concerned abo ut safety. The NCAA rules committee has decreed that manymodern metal bats are dangerous to players and disruptive to the game. The highspeed of the ball coming off the these metal bats has put pitchers in danger, asa line drive hit at them may be traveling too fast for them to get out of theway. And the energy of a hit ball increases as the square of the velocity, so afast hit can do more damage. As a result, the NCAA has ordered recently that batmanufacturers alter their designs to make bats heavier, with a smaller barrel. And baseball organizations from college to Little League are considering areturn to a wooden bats only policy, though the expense of woodenbats may make such a move unfeasible.

Qualitative Research in Public Health for Nature - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theQualitative Research in Public Health for Dynamic Nature. Answer: Background: It has been observed that , in emergency department staff retention is very less due to stress as result of transforming and dynamic nature of the department. Lower rate of staff retention is also due to the non-cooperation from the management and dissatisfaction in pay scale. Identifying reasons behind poor morale and higher turnover is helpful in finding solutions to prevent higher turnover and to avoid higher burnout of experienced staff members. Poor morale and higher staff turnover directly affects patient care. Incompetent nurses and handling of critical patients are important factors responsible for the higher turnover rate in the emergency and accident department1. Sequential events can occur from poor morale to nurses burnout to the effect on the management of organisation. Nurses burnout lead to nurses turnover to adverse effects on the patient care and finally effect on the management of the hospital. There are varied dimensions for nurse burnout like physical, personal an d social2. Physical environment of the organisation can adversely affects perceived stress and job satisfaction. Environmental aspects in the facility like noise, air quality, light, toxic exposures, temperature, humidity, and aesthetics can affect nurse turnover and patient care3, 4. Physical factors also affects social factors for nurses. Accommodative physical environment gives nurses satisfaction of social support in caring patients. Leadership and collaborative work are the important aspects of the social factors of nurse turnover. Leadership aspects which can lead to poor morale include work scheduling, staffing and promotion opportunities. Collaborative work include support from the all the stakeholders in the hospital. Work/home interface, age and pay scale can be considered as the personal factors responsible for the poor morale and higher nurse turnover5. It has been observed that older nurse leave job more in number as compared to the younger nurses. It has been established that in n ursing, professional reasons are predominant than personal reasons for poor morale and higher turnover. In the literature, following are the reasons mentioned with high frequency for nurse turnover in emergency and accident: higher patient-to-nurse ratios, job dissatisfaction, reduced patient safety and adverse perception of the nursing profession. Factors mentioned with comparatively less frequency are : severe sickness of older patients, rude behaviour of patients, low morale, management problems, augmented workload and more amount of work nor related to the nursing profession. Management should give more focus on improving morale of nurses and stopping nurse turnover because replacement of one nurse can cost huge financial impact on the management. It has been observed that replacement of one nurse can cost management approximately 2.5 % salary of one nurse. Higher turnover can adversely affect patient outcome. There is possibility of increased medical procedure error and medication administration error. Injury may also occur due to falls of the elderly patients. Higher patient-to-nurse ratio can lead to longer duration of wait period and inefficiency of the nurses to provide adequate care to the patients6. Nurse burnout is one of the prominent reason for poor morale and higher nurse turnover. Burnout may be due to emotional exhaustion, decreased personal accomplishment and depersonalization. Burnout can lead to reduced morale, raised absenteeism as result of sickness, reduced efficiency and productivity, inadequate job performance and patient care. In emergency and accident department, approximately 50 % nurses reach clinical level burnout7. Needs of the department should be identified. More number of full-time nurses should be recruited as compared to the travel nurses. Orientation strategies should be identified and areas should be identified with requirements of change. Nurses should be given opportunity to develop professionally. Financial aspects, time, management perceptions and staff stigma should be considered in assessing reasons behind poor morale and higher nurse turnover. Staff can reduce turnover by accepting change and working in co-ordination with management, by understanding qualities of good and bad preceptor, by identifying requirements of the department, by making efforts to reduce fatigue, by working in co-operation with other staff members and by not forgetting willingness to help patients to improve their quality of life8,9,10. Research questions: Phenomenological approach will be implemented in identifying reasons behind reduced morale of staff. This approach establishes precise, complete, and clear description and understanding of the experiences of the persons11. In this qualitative study, experiences of staff members in the emergency department need to be understood. In this approach, findings emerge from the participants and not imposed by the investigator. It has been well established that emergency department is affected due to high turnover rate of staff members. Gaps need to be understood, in retaining staff members in the emergency department. It is evident that low morale can result in reduced staff retention. Qualitative research based on identification of high turnover rate, will focus on following research questions : What are the experiences of staff members in the emergency and accident department? What are the perceptions of staff members ? What are the perceptions of nurses about facility and management ? By raising these questions, we aim to know the reasons behind poor morale of the staff members in the emergency department which is responsible for the high turnover. Along with this we aim to identify correlation between poor morale of staff and patient outcome and management role in poor morale. Physical, social and personal reasons are responsible for the low morale of the staff members. It will be helpful in identifying solutions for low morale and higher turnover. Effective training and orientation can be developed to address issue of higher turnover. Population and sampling method: In qualitative research, population is a group of people from which data need to be collected. People in the participant population should meet the criteria of the study12. This study will be conducted in the urban hospital comprising of emergency and accident department. This emergency and accident department comprising of 200 beds. This study will be specifically focused on the nurses. This study will incorporate nurses of all age group and both the sexes. In this study, nurses in the emergency department will be specifically focused because it has been observed that nurses in the emergency department experiences more turnover due to poor morale. Hence, relevant data can be obtained from the nurses in the emergency department. In this study, purposeful sampling method will be implemented for the data collection. In purposeful sampling, data can be collected from all the selected participants and these will be selected based on the inclusion criteria13. This is the most common method of sampling in the qualitative research. Maximum variation sampling is one of the methods of the purposeful sampling and it will be used in this qualitative research of staff of emergency department. Maximum variation sampling can collect data from varied insights of phenomenon by considering varied angles14,15. In this study, 30 nurses will be enrolled. Number of nurses in this hospital are less than standard ratio of 1 : 3 ; nurse : patient ratio in the emergency department. This number participants may vary slightly based on the turnover of the staff. In qualitative studies, number of participants can vary until robust data gathered and saturation point occurred. Hence, in this study, data will be collected and analysed simu ltaneously to understand progress of the study. Premature saturation can be avoided by improving sampling frame and methodology. It includes selection of suitable population, elimination of biases and analysis of data on regular basis16. Inclusion criteria: Nurse having job change in not less than 1 year period. Nurses having total experience in the emergency and accident department. Nurses between age 22 to 50 yrs. Nurse residing in the same city of hospital. Participants without attending training programme for staff retention in last one year. Exclusion criteria : Participants travelling from the other cities for the job. Participants about 50 yrs of age. Participants unaware of the English language. In this research, most relevant data can be obtained from the hard-to reach participants. It is difficult task to involve this population in the research study. Involvement of hard-to reach group can be improved by understanding characteristics of the participants. Understanding characteristics of the population is also useful in selecting sampling method for the hard-to reach participants 17. Research ethics: Consideration of ethical issues in the research proved beneficial in protecting human rights. Interaction between the researcher and participant is considered as challenging aspect for researcher in the qualitative studies because researcher should use ethically appropriate language. Hence, ethical guidelines should be established for the conduct of the study. However, there is no requirement of ethical approval in this qualitative research. These guidelines have more importance because there is no statistical analysis in the qualitative studies. Hence, ethical guidelines are useful for accurate data collection and interpretation18. Researcher should maintain anonymity and confidentiality of the participants. In this study, researcher should not make public the personal reasons of participants for poor morale. Hence, these rules should be properly defined in guidelines and protocols of the qualitative study. Researcher may face ethical dilemmas with the participants in the qualitativ e research in the form of establishment of honest and open interactions, and avoiding misrepresentations. Informed consent is the integral part of the research, however in this study informed consent from the participants is not required19. Proposed methods: Qualitative research is useful in explaining, clarifying and elaborating varied aspects of participants experiences. Hence, researcher can interpret participants experiences. Personal information of the participants can be protected by securing data storage methods, removing identifier components and amendments in the biographical details. Researcher should protect participants from the harmful consequences because it can affect outcome of the research. Recruitment: 30 participant nurses will be selected for the study. Prior to initiation of the study, participants will be informed about the aims and objectives of the study. These participants will be interviewed by the head of the emergency and accident department and administrative officer of the hospital. Interviews will be audio-video recorded for the future references and for the interpretation of the data. Interviews will be conducted in the closed doors with presence of three people comprising of two interviewers and a participant. Interview will last for 1 hour for each participant. Questions related to social, physical and personal reasons for the poor morale will be asked to the participants. After completion of the interviews, training will be provided to the participants for improving morale of the participants. Training will be provided by professional trainers in social life and medical profession. Training will be provided for all the participants at the same time and it will last s for the period of five days. These training sessions will comprise of theoretical lectures and case studies in the form of videos. All the training programmes will be organised in the English language. Different strategies will be demonstrated in improving morale of the participants. After completion of the training programmes feedback will be collected from the participates. In case, participants remain less educated after completion of the programme, training will be arranged for these participants for the second time. Data collection: In mentioned qualitative research, data will be available mainly in the form of subjective expression of the participants. In this type of qualitative research, usually data is subjective20. This data is the expression and experiences of participants in the form of feelings. Data collection can be direct and indirect in qualitative research21. In direct data collection, data can be collected by one to one interaction between interviewer and participant. On the other hand, in indirect data collection data can be collected in a group. In this research on staff of emergency department data related to reasons of poor morale can be collected by direct data collection method. Data related to feedback of the training session can be collected by indirect method of data collection. Interviews are the active interactions between interviewers and participants to get insight of thoughts and feelings of the participants. Interviews can also be useful in getting in-depth understanding of participa nts authentic experiences. In this qualitative research, experiences of staff members about emergency and accident department need to be collected. Hence, interviews can be most effective method of data collection in this qualitative research. Interviews will be conducted by two specialist experts. One will from medical field and other from the administrative field. Hence, thoughts and experiences of the participants from all the perspectives can be understood. Validated questionaries from the literature will be used in this qualitative research. Based on these questionaries interview guidelines will be prepared to conduct interviews. These interview guidelines can serve as guiding tool for the interviewers as a future reference and it will be properly documented in the archives of the organisation. Approval will be taken for interview guidelines form the management of the hospital. Interview guideline will comprise of each topic like physical, personal and social and under each topic 2-3 questions will be mentioned. These questions will be short and in simple English. Open ended questions will encourage participants to express their thoughts and feelings in detail. Closed-ended and leading questions will be avoided in thi s interview process. Closed-ended questions will allow participants to answer questions in one or two words. Leading questions will force participants to give desired answer. Leading questions can also encourage bias in the qualitative research. As these interviewers are unknown to the participants, there is no question of bias in the data collection. It will also be helpful in maintaining confidentiality. Interview schedule will be decided, after taking approval from both interviewer and participants22. Semi-structured frame-work of interview will be implemented in this research. In this type frame-work, interviewer can modify structured questions to enable discussion between participants23. Discussion can provide more comfort level during interview and encourage them to express themselves more freely. Topics of the interview can vary based on the different participants. Collected data will be duly signed by both participants and interviewers. This data will be stored in the form of paper and electronic form. Codes will be given for the identification of each participants data. Data will be stored in the archives of the hospital and permission for the access of data will be given upon approval from the management. Data analysis: In qualitative data, analysis of the data comprises of understanding exact meaning of the collected data and explanation of the thoughts of the participants. Data collection and analysis should run concomitantly in qualitative research. Broadly four steps should be incorporated in the data analysis in the qualitative research like examining, categorising, tabulating and recombining. In this qualitative research, thematic analysis will be used analysis of the data. Thermatic analysis mainly based on different themes and topics identified in the collected data. Data analysis in qualitative analysis can be completed in the six-steps. Information collected during interview will be transcribed word to word. Field notes collected during interviews will be incorporated in the transcripts. One expert each from medical and administrative field will be appointed to read the transcripts and understand it and discuss among themselves. These experts will be allowed to re-read these transcripts and prepare reflection of content in the transcripts. Collected data will be summarised and segregated in smaller sections. These segregated smaller data will be labelled with specific words or phrases. This process is known as coding and words and phrases are called as codes. Different coding systems like open coding, axial coding and selective coding will be used in the research. App lication of different types of coding will be helpful in the arranging the data and interconnecting the data with other topics. In this qualitative research, different factors can influence outcome of other factors. NVivo software will be used make this coding system more clear and effective. In qualitative data analysis, NVivo software can be used to organise, store and code the collected data. After generating codes for every data, verification will be done for accuracy of codes and sub-codes for each topic. These codes will explain data of each topic. Codes and related topics will be reviewed for 2 3 times to improve accuracy of the collected data. This data will be documented in tabulated form by using separate table for each code and its respective data. All the collected data will be recombined in one document and final conclusion of the analysis will be written24,25. Implications: Poor morale and higher turnover is associated with different factors like physical, social and personal. Hence, multidimensional study should be designed to address all these factors. Health care administrators should focus on nursing staff retention by promoting leadership qualities in the staff and by implementing comprehensive career development programs. Identifying reasons behind poor morale and high turnover would be helpful in preventing compassion fatigue which is beneficial in reducing higher staff turnover. It would be helpful in maintaining visibility of management, promoting open and respectful communication and encouraging staff involvement in decision making, assessing relation between pay scale and turnover rate and creating optimum orientation programme for new nurses26. Orientation programme would be created based on the nursing education and universal education theory and requirements of the orientees would be considered. Internship and residential programmes would be helpful in increasing retention rate. Discussion among the group members, counselling related to work/home balance and social involvement would be augmented. Productive team spirit and adequate colleague support would be evident in the emergency department. Traumatic events would be dramatically reduced27. Time-out facilities would be developed and support would be provided to the affected nurses. There would be improvement in the self-scheduling and pay scale. 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